the genes that influence conduct disorder in males are the same genes that influence conduct disorder in females. In contrast, in a population-based Australian twin sample, Meier et al. (2011) found that a model that allowed the genetic influences on conduct disorder to vary between males and females fit better than a model that constrained the sources of genetic variance to be equal, suggesting evidence of qualitative sex differences. However, they did not find any evidence for quantitative sex differences. Accordingly, questions remain regarding whether and how genetic influences on conduct disorder may differ between males and females.
