The following independent variables were first entered univariately: socio-demographic variables (age at interview, unemployment, educational attainment, marital status, time in prison ever); substance use variables (age of first regular drinking, age at first cannabis use, age at first heroin use, length of heroin career, heroin use per day during period of heaviest use, ever relapsed to heroin use, overdose requiring medical treatment); mental health variables (lifetime panic disorder, PTSD, ASPD, BPD, depression, suicide attempt); family background variables (physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, violence between parents, early separation from one or both parents, problematic parental substance use); treatment variables (ever tried methadone maintenance treatment, supervised detoxification, outpatient counseling, residential rehabilitation, or unsupervised detoxification) and adult violence (victim of adult violence, perpetrator of adult violence, experienced unwanted sexual activity). A significance threshold of p < 0.10 was used as a cutoff for determining which variables were included in one of six second stage models that were differentiated on conceptual grounds: demographic characteristics, mental health diagnoses, substance use variables, treatment history, family background and adult violence. Any variables
