The Comorbidity and Trauma Study (CATS), a collaboration of investigators at Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), and National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre of the University of New South Wales (UNSW), is a case-control genetic association study of heroin dependence. Details of data collection have been previously reported.26,27 We again27 include data here from pilot study participants (25 cases and 25 neighborhood controls) for whom protocols were identical and assessment comparable.