Lastly, offspring histories of physical and sexual abuse prior to age 18 were examined. Abuse, including ages of onset, was assessed by twin self-report at Waves 1, 3, and 4. Twins who reported having been physically injured or hurt on purpose by an adult or reported physical abuse as a child were coded positive for physical abuse. Twins who reported forced sexual intercourse, sexual contact with a relative, sexual contact with non-relative more than 5 years older, or sexual molestation as a child were coded positive for sexual abuse.
