HDR can be detected via PCR amplification, followed by either sequencing of the modified region or restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. PCR primers for these purposes should anneal outside the region spanned by the homology arms to avoid false detection of residual repair template (primers HDR-Fwd and HDR-Rev; Table 1 and Fig. 6a). For ssODN-mediated HDR, SURVEYOR PCR primers may be used. Either the WT Cas9 nuclease or mutant Cas9 nickase can be used to mediate HDR, although the efficiency of the latter can vary widely by cell type.
