The economic burden of substance use is equally substantial. In the United States, both smoking and alcohol use result in over $200 billion dollars of lost wages, treatment and other economic costs annually [3]. The criminal justice system is significantly burdened by the costs of incarceration of those with substance use disorders. Among these, approximately one million individuals are addicted to cocaine and nearly 1.5 million abuse or are dependent on heroin or prescription opiates [4].
