Murry, Gerrard et al., 2006; Brody, Murry, Kogan et al., 2006; Brody et al., 2005; Brody, Murry, Chen, Kogan, & Brown, 2006; Gerrard et al., 2006; Murry et al., 2005). None of these papers, however, addressed the potential role of DRD4 in moderating response to the intervention. In contrast to research on moderation of SAAF treatment effects by 5HTT, which focused on initiation of risky behavior, in this article we focus on escalation of substance use across adolescence.