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Chunk #31 — FIGURE 2

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Twin studies and their implications for molecular genetic studies: endophenotypes integrate quantitative and molecular genetics in ADHD research.
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Factor model for genetically informative data from relatives assessed on seven measures (M1 to M7). Variation in the latent factors (F1 to F3) and residual components is partitioned into additive genetic (A1 to A3 and ARM1 to ARM7), shared or common environment (C1 to C3 and CRM1 to CRM7), and specific environment (E1 to E3 and ERM1 to ERM7) components. The regressions on each of these sources are estimated as free parameters (l1 to l7, a1 to a3, c1 to c3, e1 to e3, arm1 to arm7, crm1 to crm7, erm1 to erm7). If estimates for a particular factor appear to be largely genetic (e.g., a1 is large but c1 and e1 are small), it would be a good candidate for genomewide association studies. Beh = behavioral measurement; End = endophenotypes.