Studies have shown that the feedback/outcome-related negativity (ORN) is localized to medial frontal areas (Gehring and Willoughby, 2002; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2004; Masaki et al., 2006). Source localization in healthy individuals reveals a medial frontal source for ORN for loss, and a medial posterior source for gain (Kamarajan et al., 2009) (Fig. 23.3). Alcoholics had significantly lower ORN amplitude than controls for loss trials (Kamarajan et al., 2010). However, the outcome-related positivity (ORP) was lower for both gain and loss trials, suggesting that the negative and positive components subserve different aspects of outcome monitoring. The feedback/outcome related positivity in gambling paradigms (ORP) is considered to index the subjective evaluation of the magnitude of outcome (Yeung and Sanfey, 2004; Overbeek et al., 2005; Toyomaki and Murohashi, 2005; Kamarajan et al., 2009). Contrary results have been noted in studies that tested alcoholics and matched controls (Schellekens et al., 2010; Padilla et al., 2011); however these studies were conducted on very small samples. Alcoholics generated larger ERN amplitudes than controls following incorrect and correct responses on the Eriksen flanker task (Padilla et al.,
