Caco-2 cells (ATCC #CRL2101, human colorectal adenocarcinoma); MCF-7 (ATCC #HTB-22) human breast adenocarcinoma; MDA-MB-231 (ATCC #HTB-26) human breast adenocarcinoma; and IEC-6 (ATCC #CRL-1592) rat normal intestine epithelium were grown in 6-well plates (Corning, Corning, NY). Cells were cultured at 37°C/5% CO2 in DMEM/10% Fetal Bovine Serum media with 5 mM penicillin-streptomycin. Caco-2 only: 0.01 mg/ml human transferrin. MCF-7 only: 0.1mg/ml insulin (Invitrogen).