The dependent variables of interest for the current study were DSM-5 AUD symptoms (coded as present or absent) that were approximated from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) (Bucholz et al., 1994, Hesselbrock et al., 1999). Specifically, DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms were extracted from the SSAGA interview and combined with a separate measure of alcohol craving that was also included in the assessment. Craving was defined in the SSAGA as endorsement of the item ‘In situations where you couldn’t drink, did you ever have such a strong desire for it that you couldn’t think of anything else’; respondents who answered yes received a score of 1; ‘No’ was coded as 0; non-users received a missing value (Agrawal et al., 2013). All responses were limited to individuals with a history of exposure to alcohol (and possibly other substances).
