consistent replication across studies. In addition, the alcohol metabolizing genes previously found to be associated with alcohol dependence are not well queried on the genetic platforms used by these studies, so remain to be validated by GWAS. For instance, rs1229984 and rs671 are not genotyped on many of the initial GWAS chips (www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/snap; Johnson et al., 2008). Overall, this variation in results suggests that individual genetic contributions to alcohol dependence will be of modest effect. Larger-scale meta-analyses are underway, and hopefully these studies will discover unique genetic associations with alcoholism.
