We used the publicly available National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to obtain a nationally representative sample of approximately 5000 US participants per 2-year cycle. The NHANES data were collected from 1999 until 2014, with mortality data extending through 2015. Face-to-face interviews and physical examinations were conducted in participants’ homes by interviewers, physicians, and medical technicians (net response rate, 75%), in addition to physical examinations conducted in mobile examination centers (net response rate, 70%). Full details on NHANES are described elsewhere.8,25 As all data were completely deidentified, our analyses did not require human participants review by the Washington University institutional review board. Consent was waived because all data were deidentified. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline was followed.
