was not a parent would report a ‘‘0’’ (not applicable) when asked whether their children brought them pleasure and satisfaction, and likewise for those who were unemployed, unmarried, and uninvolved in church, clubs, and other voluntary organizations. In the case of some roles, this distinction was fairly straightforward (e.g., 96 % (n = 859) of those subjects who offered 0 responses when asked whether their spouse caused hassles and uplifts (n = 891) were currently unmarried). Other items (e.g., health, leisure time, neighbors) were universally applicable. Thus, lower values on the scales corresponded to reduced emotional reactions to existing relationships, roles, and environments and/or lack of integration into families, friendship groups, religious organizations, and the labor force. A respondent’s score on each scale is the sum for the scale divided by the number of non-missing items. The hassles (alpha = 0.91) and uplifts scales (alpha = 0.92) are both highly reliable.
