The results from the simulation study using 10 000 simulated datasets are presented in Table 3 ( βXk generated independently) and Table 4 ( βXk correlated). For each scenario, the mean estimate, the mean standard error, and the statistical power to detect a null or positive causal effect at a nominal 5% significance level are presented in Tables 3 and 4 for the multivariable IVW, univariable MR‐Egger, and multivariable MR‐Egger methods. For univariable and multivariable MR‐Egger, the statistical power of the MR‐Egger intercept test is also provided. βXkgeneratedindependently: In scenarios 1 and 2 (no and balanced pleiotropy), estimates from all methods were unbiased, and those from the multivariable IVW method were the most precise. In scenarios 3 and 4 (directional pleiotropy), estimates from the multivariable IVW method were biased, with the magnitude of bias increasing as the average value of α′ increased from 0.01 to 0.1. In scenario 3 (InSIDE satisfied), estimates from the univariable and multivariable MR‐Egger methods were unbiased, whereas in scenario 4 (InSIDE violated), they were biased. Although the causal estimates for both multivariable IVW and multivariable
