found no significant differences in allele frequency between alcohol dependent individuals and controls of Finnish, Swedish or German origin (Hu et al., 2005; Mottagui-Tabar et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2003; Zill et al, 2008). Studies of human alcoholics drinking more than 80 g of ethanol per day for most of their adult lives demonstrated a decrease in NPY immunoreactivity in the amygdala (Pluzarev and Crews, 2007) and decreased gene expression of NPY in the frontal and motor cortices (Mayfield et al., 2002).
