indicates either a stochastic event or that an extremely sensitive gene-environment interaction is involved, e.g. different outcomes based on small differences in developmental stage at the time of exposure or small differences in tissue concentrations of alcohol across embryos. We have recently found greater DNA hypermethylation in ALC-NTO than in ALC-NTC embryos, particularly in genes on chromosomes 7, 10, and X. Remarkably, there was a >10 fold increase in the number of hypermethlyated genes on chromosomes 10 and X in ALC-NTO than ALC-NTC [34].
