Results based on multilevel linear mixed-effects regression are reported in Table 3 , which shows models for technostress and work exhaustion. Our results first showed that there was a significant cross-level interaction effect between time and formal SMC at work at T2 for technostress (b = 0.63, p = .011). Fig. 1 shows that technostress specifically increased among those individuals who communicated formally via social media at work many times a day during the COVID-19 crisis.Table 3Multilevel Linear mixed-effects Regression Models Predicting Technostress and Work Exhaustion.Table 3TechnostressWork exhaustionFixed partbSEpbSEpConstant9.471.96<.0015.871.96.003Within-person variablesTime−0.350.51.492−0.840.44.056Cyberbullying at work2.200.76.0043.470.89<.001Working hours per week (ref. 35–40 h) 1–34 h0.770.54.154−1.250.48.008 >40 h0.490.48.306−0.020.55.969Between-person variablesT1: Formal SMC at work0.840.35.0170.330.30.268T2: Formal SMC at work0.050.29.8480.000.31.992T1: Informal SMC at work0.280.37.442−0.320.44.460T2: Informal SMC at work0.540.39.1660.000.42.991Time x T1: Formal SMC at work−0.610.31.047−0.600.28.031Time x T2: Formal SMC at work0.630.25.0110.520.28.068Time x T1: informal SMC at work0.080.29.7780.110.41.796Time x T2: informal SMC at work0.330.33.3150.160.40.694Active private social media use0.280.49.5690.980.51.054Neuroticism0.320.07<.0010.630.06<.001Extraversion0.040.06.5540.000.07.999Female gender−0.610.52.2440.240.54.657Age−0.110.02<.0010.000.02.938Married or in close relationship−0.290.49.559−0.390.50.433Underaged children at home−0.110.47.8180.020.49.974Education (ref. prim./sec. degree) University of applied science degree0.600.54.2661.020.58.079 University degree−0.050.58.9270.920.61.132Income0.170.18.3430.040.21.831Occupational area (ref. Industrial sector) Service0.890.71.213−1.030.75.170 Business, communication and, technology0.970.74.190−1.310.67.052 Public administration0.010.76.991−0.270.91.768 Education1.120.90.2141.290.85.131 Health and welfare0.500.63.4320.530.76.485 Unknown−0.641.22.597−2.031.44.157Remote work at least 2 days/week0.450.79.5670.240.82.767Managerial position0.590.61.334−0.450.65.488Random partSD95% CI]SD95% CI]Constant6.075.666.516.586.286.89Time4.644.324.994.444.114.80
