for conduct disorder-related outcomes is an emerging area of research that is likely to expand, and these preliminary findings should be interpreted keeping in mind that many of the concerns related to testing cG × E (e.g., selection of the gene, selection of the environment, and Type I error) are also relevant when considering epigenetic changes. An additional concern is distinguishing among the possibilities that methylation of a particular gene is the cause, consequence, or correlate of disorder. Answering these questions will require converging evidence across longitudinal and quasi-causal designs.
