Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex neuropsychiatric disorder affecting approximately 2–4% of the population that is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania or hypomania1, 2. Although common- and rare-variant genetic association studies have begun to identify genes with variants conferring risk for developing BD, the pathogenesis of BD at a cellular level remains elusive. As a consequence, therapeutic options for BD are limited, consisting mainly of mood stabilizers developed decades ago, which are only effective in a subset of patients.
