Human ESCs (H9, passages 25–40, originally from WiCell) and iPSCs (GM14, GM15, passages 35–50, homemade cell lines) were maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder in a stem cell growth medium38,39. The human iPSCs were established using retroviral approaches with Yamanaka factors40. The cell lines tested negative for mycoplasma contamination.