genetic and environmental influences; Kendler et al., 2015). These findings suggest that variability in responses to parental divorce and parental discord may be attributable, in part, to offspring’s own genetic predisposition for AUD (Pilowsky et al., 2009). This possibility was previously explored in one molecular genetic study, and results showed that the effects of parental divorce on Dutch adolescents’ externalizing behavioral problems differed as a function of offspring’s dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genotype (Nederhof et al., 2012). Although the results of this candidate G × E study provide initial evidence, the candidate gene approach no longer represents the state of the science because complex behaviors, including alcohol outcomes, have a polygenic architecture that includes the effects of many variants across the genome (Kranzler et al., 2019; Plomin, 2019). Moreover, candidate G × E studies often fail to replicate and are subject to publication bias (Dick et al., 2015; Duncan & Keller, 2011).
