Personality traits are associated with the outcome of therapeutic interventions. For example, several studies found Neuroticism, anxiety, and depressive disorders related to poor treatment outcome for nicotine dependence [56]. Although we found systematic differences between the personality profiles of substance users and non-users, there is substantial variability in both groups (e.g., not all smokers score high on Neuroticism or low on Conscientiousness). Individual differences among substance abusers can play an important role in the choice of treatment options [57]. Recently, more attention has been focused on personality trait effects on the efficacy of different treatment plans [58] to tailor therapeutic interventions to individual needs [59,60]. More research is needed to fully evaluate how personality assessment can be useful in the choice of treatment plans.
