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Chunk #61 — 2. Characteristic surface Laplacian topographies — 2.4. Response-related midfrontal negativities

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Issues and considerations for using the scalp surface Laplacian in EEG/ERP research: A tutorial review.
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The stimulus-locked CSDs reveal a highly similar sink-source topography during a time interval (420–580 ms; Fig. 13D, column 4) following the mean response latency (M ±SD: for left press, 426 ± 89 ms; for right press, 464 ± 95 ms), projecting the CRN peak latency within the range of 480 to 520 ms post stimulus onset. At a frontocentral midline site (location 6, approximately FFCz), a robust sink activity is observed in the CSD waveforms (Fig. 13C, column 2); no negativity is seen in the ERPs, which nevertheless expose suspicious deflections during this period, although these occur during the receding slope of the P3b peaking around 350 ms. While this P3b maximum is observed at mid-parietal sites for stimulus-locked ERPs and CSD alike (cf. location 62, approximately CPPz; Fig. 13C, column 3), only the CSDs reveal a distinct bilateral centroparietal source (cf. locations 38 and 88, approximately CCP3h and CCP4h; Fig. 13C, column 1 and 4; Fig. 13D, column 4) during the later, response-related interval. This stimulus-locked mid-frontal sink and centroparietal source pattern is entirely different from a P3b source