Non-independence was not a problem for this sample as the design effects were small (1.00 to 1.43) regarding 17 of the key variables evaluated, reflecting the fact that 388 of 440 families (88.2%) had only one or two individuals in these analyses (Muthén and Satorra, 1995). Missing data were handled with maximum likelihood procedures as they were missing at random (Little’s MCAR test x2=869.440, df=1077, p=1.00). Data transformations (log, square root, and inverse) were used when appropriate. For the regression analyses, continuous variables were z-scored with the result that odds ratios are comparable across groups.
