On the other hand, increased A-RA was associated, to a similar degree, with lower odds of DSM-5 AUD in Blacks and Whites. As our data are cross-sectional, we cannot be certain that this association reflects a causal effect of increased A-RA on reduced progression to AUD, however, our results suggest that adult religious involvement, which might more closely approximate personal religious devotion rather than adherence to family norms during childhood, may be better a indicator of the protective influence of religion on alcohol problems in Blacks.
