In order to be included within the meta-analysis, studies were required to meet two criteria. First, each study needed to include a measure of the thirty facets of the FFM, as assessed (for example) by the NEO PI-R, the SIFFM, or the FFMRF. Additionally, the studies were required to have assessed all of the DSM-III, DSM-III-R, or DSM-IV-TR personality disorders (APA, 2000). No published studies that met these two criteria were excluded. There are FFM inventories other than the NEO PI-R, SIFFM, or FFMRF that include an assessment of the 30 facets of interest in this meta-analysis (e.g., scales derived from the International Personality Item Pool; Goldberg et al., 2006) but none of these other inventories have yet been correlated with the DSM personality disorders. There were also studies that assessed only a small subset of the disorders and were excluded on this basis (e.g., Morey et al., 2002). In addition, some studies used the NEO PI rather than the NEO PI-R, thereby excluding the facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness. Of those studies that used the NEO PI, only
