2004; Albertson, Schmidt, Kapatos, & Bannon, 2006; Bannon, Kapatos, & Albertson, 2005; Kristiansen, Bannon, & Meador-Woodruff, 2009; Lehrmann et al., 2003; Lewohl et al., 2011; Liu, Chen, Lerner, Brackett, & Matsumoto, 2005; Mash et al., 2007; Ponomarev, Wang, Zhang, Harris, & Mayfield, 2012; Tang, Fasulo, Mash, & Hemby, 2003; Zhou, Yuan, Mash, & Goldman, 2011) have also provided critical, although somewhat divergent results for the understanding of addiction. Overall, there appear to be many common neuronal changes in gene expression among individuals addicted to various agents (Lehrmann et al., 2006; Marie-Claire et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2011) and some commonalities with observations from model organisms, reflecting impact on shared molecular pathways involved in neuronal adaptation as well as drug-specific changes (Albertson et al., 2006; Celentano et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2011).
