Our study combined study-level summary association data from up to 59 studies of European ancestry and two studies of South Asian ancestry from three consortia (Consortium for Genetics of Smoking Behaviour (CGSB), GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN) and the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Exome+ consortium), INTERVAL and UK Biobank. In total, up to 324,851 individuals of European ancestry and 21,962 South Asian individuals were analysed in the discovery stage (Fig. 1). Further information about the participating cohorts and consortia is given in Supp. Table 1 and the Supp. Material. All participants provided written informed consent and studies were approved by local Research Ethics Committees and/or Institutional Review boards.
