independent of environmental influences, whereas type I was influenced by both genetic and social/situational factors (e.g., social norms regarding drinking). Historically, differing social prescriptions for drinking have existed for each gender, wherein more sanctions have been applied to women than to men. Thus, Cloninger’s recognition of the potential importance of nongenetic factors in the etiology of alcoholic subtypes is likely to have implications for understanding the differential development of alcohol problems in both women and men.
