Analyses showed small positive associations between adolescent and maternal substance use (assessed using maternal report of smoking status and frequency of alcohol consumption at Time 1; r = .10 & .08, p<.01, for cigarette use at Time 1 & Time 2; r = .11 & .15, p<.01, for alcohol use at Time 1 & Time 2) The effects of maternal smoking and drinking were partialed out of adolescent substance use scores using regression. In addition, the potential confounding effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on pubertal timing scores (r = .08, p<.01), was also addressed by partialing out BMI scores prior to the creation of pubertal timing groups.
