were not also alcohol dependent. Our results suggest that sequence variations in the NPY system, specifically in NPY2R, are associated with alcohol dependence characterized by severe withdrawal, as was reported in humans by Koehnke et al (2002) and Okubo and Harada (Okubo and Harada, 2001) and by numerous findings in the animal literature (for a review, see Thiele et al, 2004).
