which can lead to subjective pleasure and cue-induced urges, anxiety, and biased decision-making in the face of uncertain risk and reward 18. The present findings add to the weight of evidence for the role of the insula on emotional stages of urge to take drugs 18, and altered related anticipatory processing in anxious individuals 24. These traits are related to Impulsiveness which in turn is positively correlated with insula activation in our sample.
