the potential translational utility of broad and specific PGS whereby a broader metric of risk captures an individual’s general liability to addiction whereas specific metrics can provide insight into risk for problems with specific substances. Relative to the previous externalizing and addiction risk GWAS8,17, we identified 187 novel genetic variants using our expanded externalizing model, including several previously implicated in substance use traits. Our expanded externalizing factor also picked up genes not identified by the other factors and which were enriched for substance use outcomes, highlighting the benefit of joint analysis for these phenotypes.
