withdrawal. It is interesting that FKBP5 genotype and mRNA are both associated with the “negative” effects domain of the DEQ. Each effect is interactive with nicotine dose, but, as noted above, the effect profiles differ. This may indicate that FKBP5 mRNA expression in blood cells captures some nicotine-related effects not captured by FKBP5 genotype. Unraveling the relationship between these dynamic effects will require additional work.