2010; Kopera-Frye, Dehaene, & Streissguth, 1996; Meintjes et al., 2010). Furthermore, recent neuroimaging studies support neuropsychological findings and have shown that children with FASD show abnormalities in regions thought to be important in mathematical processing, such as left and right parietal regions and the medial frontal gyrus (Lebel, Rasmussen, Wyper, Andrew, & Beaulieu, 2010; Santhanam, Li, Hu, Lynch, & Coles, 2009) (for detail, see papers by Coles et al. and Wozniak et al., this issue). One study that evaluated the effects of dose and timing of alcohol exposure on academic ability reported that the relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and mathematics was best characterized by a linear dose-response relationship, whereas the relationships between alcohol-exposure and the verbal academic domains were better modeled as threshold effects (Goldschmidt, et al., 1996).
