The aim of the present study was to analyze the ERP as well as behavioral measures of reward/outcome processing in alcoholics (as compared to healthy controls) during the feedback of monetary outcomes (losses and gains) during a gambling task. The results revealed several key findings: 1) alcoholics had significantly lower ORP amplitudes than controls during both loss and gain conditions and decreased ORN amplitudes during loss conditions (Fig. 7); 2) in both alcoholic and control groups, Gain (+50 and +10) conditions had higher ORP amplitudes and shorter ORP latencies compared to Loss (−50 and −10); similarly, the Large amount (+50 and −50) had higher ORP amplitudes and shorter latencies compared to the Small amount (+10 and −10) conditions (Fig. 8, right-side panels); 3) in terms of topography, in both groups, the loss conditions had anterior maxima while the gain conditions had posterior maxima, especially in the ORN component (Fig. 5); 4) sLORETA analysis showed that alcoholics, compared to controls, had a significantly decreased ORP current density at cingulate gyrus and less negative ORN current density at primary sensory and motor
