For clinicians, health care institutions, and research participants, defining the goals of translational genomic research also means ensuring that such research can yield meaningful health benefits in practical contexts. This again involves taking seriously the perspectives of the different stakeholders who are involved in the health care system and are presumed to benefit from outcomes of the research. Examples at the Congress include surveys and interviews uncovering: differences between clinicians and insurance providers regarding whether genetic testing should be regarded as standard or investigational [B-7, Shutske]; differences between genetic counselors’ evolving understanding of risk and the perceptions of their clients [B-7, Stern]; the range of health conditions for which the general public would seek genetic testing [B-7, Biesecker]; differences across jurisdictions and across the citizenry in views about newborn screening, including conditions tested for and views about consent [D-6, Grob]; views of the acceptability of newly available cancer genetic risk assessment technologies among hospital administrators, clinicians, and at-risk individuals [D-7, Miesfeldt]; and adoption of cancer pharmacogenomic testing among oncologists [D-7, Dressler]. The introduction of novel genomic technologies like non-invasive prenatal
