Parental histories of problems with alcohol and drugs were ascertained using the AUDADIS-V. In assessing family history, interviewers read definitions to respondents that included examples of observable manifestations of the diagnostic criteria, since these are the most likely to be known to family members, increasing sensitivity (Andreasen et al. 1977; Zimmerman et al. 2004; Heiman et al. 2008). Interviewers then asked whether respondents’ biological mother and father experienced the condition as defined. From this information, separate variables were created representing parental (either biological mother or father) histories of alcohol and drug problems.
