The association between family structure and the co-occurrence of risk behaviors remained essentially unchanged with the inclusion of maternal socialization, modeling, and the economic context (Model 3b). That is, adolescents in two biological married parent families were least likely to both smoke and drink and adolescents in cohabiting stepfamilies were the most likely. Maternal socialization was associated with lower odds of smoking and drinking whereas maternal smoking and drinking were positively related to the co-occurrence of these risk behaviors. Family economic context was not associated with both smoking and drinking.
