Improvement of subjective and objective sleep efficiency after active rTMS treatment. Two‐way ANOVA revealed a significant “treatment × time” interaction effect in both subjective sleeping measurements (PSQI: F 56 = 24.14, p < .0001; ISI: F 56 = 18.34, p < .0001) and objective sleeping measurements (SE: F 45 = 7.265, p = .0099; NREM 3 duration: F 45 = 7.149, p = .0104; SOL: F 45 = 5.663, p = .0216). (a) Subjective sleep improvement was found by showing reduced PSQI (t 56 = 8.385, p < .0001) and ISI (t 56 = 6.962, p < .0001) in the active rTMS group. (b) Objective sleep improvement was found by showing increased sleep efficiency (t 45 = 2.539, p = .0291), NREM 3 duration (t 45 = 3.852, p = .0007), and shorter sleep onset latency (t 45 = 3.874, p = .0007) in the active rTMS group (ns = not significant, *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001; ****p < .0001).
