In spite of the varied nature of sample selection, overall, children of alcohol and drug dependent individuals appear to have an increased risk for developing externalizing disorders including elevations in Conduct Disorder (CD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Earls et al., 1988; Reich et al., 1993; Hill and Muka, 1996; Hill et al., 1999a; Kuperman et al., 1999; Merikangas and Avenevoli, 2000; Ohannessian et al., 2004). Elevations in internalizing disorders have also been noted, particularly for overanxious disorder (Reich et al., 1993) and affective disorders (Hill et al., 1999a).
