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Chunk #0 — INTRODUCTION

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Association of parental divorce, discord, and polygenic risk with children's alcohol initiation and lifetime risk for alcohol use disorder.
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Parental divorce and relationship discord are common adverse childhood experiences and are associated with offspring alcohol misuse (Arkes, 2013; Jackson et al., 2016; Thompson et al., 2008). In the United States, more than 1 million children and adolescents go through the process of parental divorce each year (Bing et al., 2009), and 28.2% of American adults experience parental separation/divorce prior to age 18 (Giano et al., 2020). Additionally, exposure to parental marital conflict is common among children, even in the absence of parental divorce/separation (Amato et al., 1995; Amato & Sobolewski, 2001). Parental divorce and parental discord are, on average, associated with a range of poorer outcomes among offspring (Amato & Keith, 1991; Auersperg et al., 2019). Because a large number of people are exposed to parental divorce and parental discord while growing up, the issue of how exposure to parental divorce and parental discord might influence children’s development is of long-standing interest to families, clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. In the case of alcohol outcomes, exposure to parental divorce and parental relationship discord is associated with offspring alcohol use behaviors,