activity. Transactivating capacity is also regulated in the cell nuclei through phosphorylation of p65 and p50 by IKKβ and other kinases [20]–[22]. In the brain, the p65 and p50 NF-κB subunits are abundantly expressed in neurons and glia, and a substantial fraction of NF-κB is located in the cell nuclei and constitutively active [15], [16], [23], [24]. The NF-κB-mediated activation of gene transcription contributes to long-term changes in synaptic signaling, cognitive behavior, developmental cell death and chronic neurodegenerative disorders [15], [16], [25]–[31].
