Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are often complementary behaviors (Room, 2004). Smokers are more likely than non-smokers to drink alcohol, and heavy smokers are more likely to be heavy drinkers (Johnson et al., 2000; Weitzman & Chen, 2005). Alcohol and tobacco contribute to a wide range of acute and chronic illnesses, and are among the top causes of preventable deaths in the U.S. (Danaei et al., 2009; Mokdad et al., 2004). Their combined use has multiplicative effects on cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract (Castellsague et al. 1999; Hashibe et al., 2009; Pelucchi et al., 2008; Saracci, 1987).
