Participants in the current study were drawn from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (PGS): a longitudinal study of a community sample of 2,451 girls, ages 5–8 at the first assessment, and their primary caretakers. The PGS sample was identified following an enumeration of the City of Pittsburgh. In this process, all households in the poorest third of city neighborhoods, and 50% of the households in the remaining neighborhoods were sampled (see Hipwell et al. 2002; Keenan et al. 2010 for details). The analyses presented here use six waves of data collected prospectively on the oldest cohort of girls (N=622 at age 8 in assessment wave 1), from the age of 11 to 16 years. Retention of the original sample was high, with 88.1% participants (N=548) completing the ninth annual interview at age 16 years.
