In simulations, we used the “relative root mean squared error” (RRMSE) to assess error in effect estimates (e.g., Fig. 2). Let bjr* denote the estimate of effect j in condition r (for mash, bjr*=b^^jr). Then RRMSE= 1JR∑j=1J∑r=1R(bjr−bjr*)21JR∑j=1J∑r=1R(bjr−b^jr)2.