Treatment-naïve alcohol dependent individuals (TNAD) were recruited from the community by cafe´ postings, newspaper advertisements, a local Internet site and subject referrals. The group consisted of TNAD individuals (37 women and 49 men, average age 31.2 years) who met DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for current alcohol dependence. The NAC group consisted of 30 women and 40 men (mean = 32.3 years of age). The inclusion criterion for NAC was a lifetime drinking average of less than 30 standard drinks per month, with no periods of drinking more than 60 drinks per month. Both groups had comparable years of education. Exclusion criteria for both groups were: (1) lifetime or current diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder; (2) history of lifetime or current drug (other than nicotine or caffeine) dependence or abuse; (3) history of significant neurological disease, head trauma or cranial surgery; (4) history of diabetes, stroke, or hypertension that required emergent medical intervention; or (5) clinical evidence of the Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. TNAD and NAC samples were the same as reported on in Fein et al. (2010), with the
