time course of activation for different populations of glia and neurons by alcohol and other drugs of abuse is not known. While it is increasingly apparent that chronic alcohol exposure induces neuroimmune pathology in brain, we must determine the key brain regions, cells, and time points following immune activation to develop targeted neuroimmune pharmacotherapies. Furthermore, while several rodent studies suggest a prominent role of glial dysfunction in alcohol pathology and addictive behaviors, less is known about how alcohol alters neuroimmune cell function in humans. Investigating common mechanisms and potential differences in neuroimmune function between species should be prioritized to better interpret results and predict translatability of preclinical studies.
