Chunk #32 — 2. Neural substrates for the negative emotional state associated with addiction — 2.3. Neuropharmacological studies of the aversive stimulus effects of drug withdrawal
with doses of naloxone below which somatic signs of withdrawal are observed (Schulteis et al., 1994). Although naloxone itself will produce a place aversion in nondependent rats, the threshold dose required to produce a place aversion decreases significantly in dependent rats (Hand et al., 1988). A variant on this approach is to explore the place aversion produced following naloxone injection after a single acute injection of morphine.
